As a music enthusiast, I have always been fascinated by the intricacies and complexities that lie beneath the surface of a seemingly simple melody. One such complexity that has intrigued me is the Neapolitan chord. This unique chord, though simple in execution, can have a profound effect on the listener.
Origin and History of the Neapolitan Chord
Originating from Naples, Italy, the Neapolitan chord has been a significant part of Western music since the 18th century. Its distinctive sound, often described as ‘exotic’ or ‘colourful’, has been utilised by composers to add depth and tension to their compositions. Beethoven, Chopin and Wagner are among the many composers who have used this chord extensively.
Composer | Composition | Example of Neapolitan Chord Usage |
Beethoven | Symphony No. 5 | In the first movement, the Neapolitan chord is used to heighten the dramatic tension. |
Chopin | Nocturne in B-flat minor | The Neapolitan chord is used in the middle section to create a sense of longing and melancholy. |
Wagner | Tristan und Isolde | The Neapolitan chord is used in the prelude to evoke a sense of unresolved yearning. |
Structure and Role of The Neapolitan Chord
This chord, often denoted as N or ♭II, is a major chord built on the lowered second (supertonic) scale degree. In other words, if you’re in the key of C, your Neapolitan chord would be D♭ Major.
Typically, the Neapolitan chord is found in the first inversion, meaning the third of the chord is in the bass. This gives the chord a certain instability, making it a perfect choice for composers looking to create a sense of anticipation or unease. The Neapolitan chord is often used in a predominant function, meaning it usually precedes the dominant (V or V7) or sometimes the tonic (I) in a chord progression. It is often denoted as N or ♭II. This chord is particularly common in minor keys, where it adds a distinctive colour and mood.
Let’s look at a comparison to illustrate its use. In the key of C minor, for example, the Neapolitan chord would be D♭ major. The table below shows a comparison between a standard progression and one that includes a Neapolitan chord:
Standard Progression | Progression with Neapolitan Chord |
C minor – G major – C minor | C minor – D♭ major – G major – C minor |
How to Identify a Neapolitan Chord in a Song
The first step is to listen for a chord that sounds slightly ‘off’ or unexpected, often occurring in the second scale degree. Listen for a chord that is usually minor in a major key or diminished in a minor key, but is instead major. This is a strong indication of a Neapolitan chord. Another telltale sign is the chord’s function within the song. Neapolitan chords often precede the dominant, or fifth, chord in a piece of music. They serve to create tension that is then resolved by the dominant chord. Lastly, pay attention to the bass note. In root position, the Neapolitan chord’s bass note will be a half step above the tonic, or first scale degree.
Steps for Constructing a Neapolitan Chord
The steps for contrasting a Neapolitan chord are:
- Identify the second scale degree in your key.
- Lower this note by a half step.
- Build a major triad on this note.
- Use the chord in a progression, typically before the dominant or dominant seventh chord.
Examples of Neapolitan Chords in Popular Music
- The Beatles’ “Something” uses a Neapolitan chord in the bridge, creating a striking contrast to the song’s otherwise straightforward harmonic structure.
- “Someone Like You” by Adele – The Neapolitan chord (bII) is used in the chorus on the lyric “Nevermind, I’ll find someone like you” before resolving to the tonic chord.
- “Chasing Pavements” by Adele – This song also features a Neapolitan chord in the chorus, adding a touch of melancholy to the otherwise uplifting melody.
- “Rolling in the Deep” by Adele – The Neapolitan chord is used in the pre-chorus on the lyric “We could have had it all” before resolving back to the tonic chord in the chorus.
- “Bleeding Love” by Leona Lewis – This song includes a Neapolitan chord in the bridge, creating a moment of tension before resolving back to the tonic chord.
- “All of Me” by John Legend – The Neapolitan chord is used in the bridge on the lyric “Cards on the table, we’re both showing hearts” before resolving to the dominant chord.
Frequently Asked Questions About Neapolitan Chords
1. What is the difference between a Neapolitan chord and a regular chord?
The main difference lies in the structure. A Neapolitan chord is a major chord built on the lowered second (supertonic) scale degree.
2. Why is it called a Neapolitan chord?
The term ‘Neapolitan’ refers to the city of Naples in Italy, where this type of chord was first used extensively in the early 18th century. It was a popular feature in the music of the Neapolitan School, hence the name.
3. Can a song be composed entirely of Neapolitan chords?
While it’s technically possible to compose a song entirely of Neapolitan chords, it’s not common practice. The Neapolitan chord is typically used as a pre-dominant chord, leading to a dominant or tonic chord, to create tension and resolution within a piece of music.